_1793850339 20261105034539000 Rovedar Daryoushbabazadeh@gmail.com Rovedar Farm Animal Health and Nutrition Farm Anim. Health Nutr. 2980-7905 09 30 2026 5 3 Ijazul Haq https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4444-7296 Qurat ul Ain Badhana https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3143-5055 Arshad Zahoor https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2136-5458 Misbah Shehzadi https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6867-1484 Emaan Showkat Muhammad Tahir Khan https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7590-8756 Introduction: Sustainable feeding strategies are critical for improving small ruminant productivity in regions facing forage scarcity. Wild olive (Olea europaea) foliage, is rich in protein, minerals, and bioactive compounds, making it a potential unconventional feed resource. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of wild olive leaf supplementation on nutrient intake, digestibility, milk yield and composition, and blood biochemical parameters in lactating Beetal goats. Methods and materials: Sixteen lactating Beetal goats with average age of 3 years and body weight of 35–40 kg were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments containing 0% (Control), 5%, 10%, or 15% wild olive leaves on a dry matter (DM) basis. Wild olive leaves were chopped and incorporated directly into the basal feed ration, offered twice daily with free access to clean drinking water. Feed intake, digestibility, milk yield and composition, blood biochemistry, and mineral concentrations were measured over a six‑week trial. Results: Compared to the control group (0% wild olive leaves), goats fed 15% wild olive leaves showed the highest nutrient intake and digestibility values. Milk yield increased significantly in the group fed 15% olive leaves (2.08 L/day) compared to the control group (1.46 L/day), with corresponding improvements in fat, protein, lactose, and mineral fractions. Blood biochemical indices remained within physiological ranges across all groups, but goats fed 15% wild olive leaves exhibited higher total protein and albumin levels and lower cholesterol concentrations compared to group control. Conclusion: Wild olive leaves can be effectively included in goat diets at up to 15% dry matter. The inclusion of 15% level of Wild olive to the goat’s diet yielded the highest nutrient intake, digestibility, and milk yield compared to the control group. 09 30 2026 30 36 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 10.58803/fahn.v5i3.125 https://fahn.rovedar.com/index.php/FAHN/article/view/125 https://fahn.rovedar.com/index.php/FAHN/article/download/125/148 https://fahn.rovedar.com/index.php/FAHN/article/download/125/148 Government of Pakistan. Finance Division. Pakistan Economic Survey 2024-25. Chapter 2: Agriculture. Islamabad: Pakistan; 2025. Available at: https://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_25/2_Agriculture.pdf 10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00332-X 10.1021/jf00035a076 10.3390/foods11233879 10.1016/S0304-4238(99)00045-X 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01641.x Ammar H, Kholif AE, Adegbeye MJ, Anele UY, Morsy TA, Abdo MM, et al. Optimizing olive (Olea europaea) leaves as a sustainable ruminant feed: Effects of chemical treatments on nutritional value and greenhouse gas emissions. Animals. 2025; 15(5): 705. DOI: 10.3390/ani15050705 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.09.021 10.5713/ajas.19.0253 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.07.014 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.062 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114405 10.1016/j.parint.2024.102940 National research council (NRC). Nutrient requirements of small ruminants: Sheep, goats, cervids, and New World camelids. Washington, DC, USA: National Academies Press; 2007. Association of official analytical chemists (AOAC). Official methods of analysis. 17th ed. Gaithersburg, MD, USA: The Association of Official Analytical Chemists; 2000. 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2 10.3390/ani15050705 10.35516/jjas.v17i3.78 10.1016/S0377-8401(00)00195-4 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127153 10.3390/foods13071036