_1746956305 20250511093825000 Rovedar Daryoushbabazadeh@gmail.com Rovedar Farm Animal Health and Nutrition Farm Anim. Health Nutr. 2980-7905 03 24 2025 4 1 I Made Bagi Rate https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1738-8418 Ni Ketut Suwiti https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7696-3773 Ida Bagus Kade Suardana https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5415-9988 I Nengah Kerta Besung https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5285-592X Introduction:  Sumbawa horses are valued for their cultural, economic, and functional roles in Indonesia. Sumbawa horses are traditionally raised under the Lar system, where environmental and physiological factors, such as gender and age, influence immune function, particularly IgM production, making this study crucial for understanding their humoral immunity. This study aimed to determine the immunoglobulin M profile of Sumbawa horses raised in the Lar system (a traditional extensive grazing method) of Sumbawa Island. Materials and methods: Serum samples were collected from 70 Sumbawa horses, categorized by gender (36 males and 34 females) and age group (34 young: below 12 months; 36 adults: above 12 months). The immunoglobulin M levels in the blood serum were measured using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Results:  The results indicated detectable immunoglobulin M concentrations in all 70 serum samples, ranging from 1.792 μg/mL to 51.341 μg/mL. The average serum immunoglobulin M levels were higher in female horses (23.8822 ± 12.15941 μg/mL) compared to males (20.1091 ± 9.51380 μg/mL). Similarly, young horses (22.9249 ± 11.90000 μg/mL) exhibited higher immunoglobulin M levels than adults (21.0132 ± 10.08383 μg/mL). Despite these differences, statistical analysis showed no significant differences among the groups.  Conclusion: The average immunoglobulin M levels observed in this study provide baseline data for the immunoglobulin M profile of Sumbawa horses raised under the traditional grazing system on Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. 03 24 2025 1 5 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 10.58803/fahn.v4i1.65 https://fahn.rovedar.com/index.php/FAHN/article/view/65 https://fahn.rovedar.com/index.php/FAHN/article/download/65/99 https://fahn.rovedar.com/index.php/FAHN/article/download/65/99 Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. Populasi Kuda menurut Provinsi-Tabel Statistik. Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. 2023. Available at: https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/NDc1IzI=/populasi-kuda-menurut-provinsi.html Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Luas Daerah dan Jumlah Pulau Menurut Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat, 2023. Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. 2024. Available at: https://ntb.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/3/VUZwV01tSlpPVlpsWlRKbmMxcFhhSGhEVjFoUFFUMDkjMw==/luas-daerah-dan-jumlah-pulau-menurut-kabupaten-kota-di-provinsi-nusa-tenggara-barat--2023.html?year=2023 Edwards EH. The Horse Encyclopedia. Dorling Kindersley Limited. New York. 2016; 252-253. Available at: https://books.google.co.id/books/about/The_Horse_Encyclopedia.html?hl=id&id=CKD9DAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y 10.14334/wartazoa.v31i3.2850 10.21082/jsdl.v16n2.2022.119-133 10.24843/SOCA.2019.v13.i02.p01 Fahmi E. Tantangan dan Transformasi Lar di Kabupaten Sumbawa: Catatan Awal Tentang Keterbatasan Pengembangan Pulau Kecil. Prosiding Serina. 2021; 1(1): 521-534. Available at: https://journal.untar.ac.id/index.php/PSERINA/article/view/17507 Schmitz A, Isselstein J. Effect of Grazing System on Grassland Plant Species Richness and Vegetation Characteristics: Comparing Horse and Cattle Grazing. Sustainability. 2020; 12(8): 3300. 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