Farm Animal Health and Nutrition (FAHN) is an international peer-reviewed open-access journal that publishes original research reports, case reports, and reviews on all fields related to veterinary. The FAHN is currently dedicated to quarterly publishing articles in the subject areas of the farm animal industry, ruminant, forages and feed science, management and production, physiology and reproduction, welfare and behavior, health, genetics, food science (meats, dairy foods, and animal products), nutrition, extension and teaching, surgery, sustainability and integrated systems, and probiotics. Manuscripts involving dairy and beef cattle, swine, avian, horses, sheep, goats, or other species that serve mankind, are welcome. Journal Name: Farm Animal Health and Nutrition Journal initials: FAHN Journal Abbreviation: Farm Anim. Health Nutr. ISSN: 2980-7905 Publisher: Rovedar DOI Prefix: 10.58803/FAHN Frequency: Quarterly ------------------------------------------------ Journal Statistics Average time to preliminary assessment: 9 days Average time to review: 28 days Average time to publish: 39 days Submissions: 21 Accepted articles: 12 Acceptance rate: 57% Accepted Articles Published for Free: 67%
Traumatic Reticulopericarditis in a Holstein Dairy Cattle with Highlighting Sonographic and Electrocardiographic Findings: A Case Report
Introduction: Traumatic reticulopericarditis (TRP) is a severe condition in cattle caused by foreign body penetration, leading to pericardial inflammation, resulting in significant economic and welfare concerns in dairy farms. The present study aimed to indicate a case of TRP in a Holstein dairy cow, highlighting sonographic and electrocardiographic findings. Case report: A 7-year-old Holstein cow, 40 days postpartum, was referred to the large animal clinic at the School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Iran. The cow exhibited several concerning signs, including anorexia, a significant decrease in milk yield (from 40 liters to 5 liters), tachycardia, hypothermia, reduced ruminal motility, loose feces, distended jugular veins, muffled heart sounds, and brisket edema. Sonography revealed pericardial effusion, fibrin strands, ventricular compression, and pleural effusion. Electrocardiography (ECG) indicated ST-segment elevation, PR-segment depression, and reduced QRS amplitude. Laboratory findings revealed leukocytosis (24.8 × 10³/µL), elevated liver enzymes, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST, 93.5 U/L) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP, 205 U/L), as well as hypoalbuminemia (1.95 g/dL). Based on clinical examinations, sonography, electrocardiography (ECG), and laboratory results, the diagnosis was TRP. Given the poor prognosis, culling was advised. The diagnosis was confirmed after the culling process at the slaughterhouse. Conclusion: Ultrasonography and ECG were crucial in diagnosing TRP, identifying pericardial effusion, and assessing cardiac dysfunction. Early detection of TRP in cattle with these modalities may facilitate the development of improved treatment options.
Copyright (c) 2025 Farm Animal Health and Nutrition https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Lactic Acid Bacteria as a Substitute for Antibiotics in Broiler Chickens Raised Under Colored Environment
Introduction: Antibiotics have been used to promote the growth performance of broiler chickens, but significant concerns about antibiotic resistance are driving interest in finding new alternatives to support growth performance. One promising additive is probiotics, which have shown positive impacts on broiler performance. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotics (Lactic acid bacteria) on growth, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and immunity parameters such as corticosterone, compared to an antibiotic (virginiamycin) when chickens were raised in different colored environments. Materials and methods: A total of 120 one-day-old male Cobb-500 chickens, with an average weight of 45 ± 2 grams, were randomly distributed into 12 white and 12 red pens (five chickens in each pen). Three dietary treatments were assigned and each contained 4 pens from each color and totally 8 pens for each treatment. Each treatment group consisted of 40 chickens, and four replicates. The dietary treatments included a control diet, the control diet supplemented with 4 cm³ of lactic acid-based probiotic bacteria (109 CFU/kg) per kilogram of feed, and the control diet supplemented with 0.4 grams of virginiamycin per kilogram of feed. On day 42, the chickens were sampled for evaluation of performance factors, corticosterone levels, foot-pad dermatitis, and villi length of Jejunum. Results: The data showed that both probiotic and virginiamycin improved body weight and villi length compared to the control, while chickens supplemented with the probiotic in the white pens had a better growth rate compared to virginiamycin and the control. Corticosterone levels were reduced for both probiotic and virginiamycin compared to the control group, with stronger effects observed in the white pens. Chickens supplemented with either probiotic or virginiamycin demonstrated a lower incidence of foot-pad dermatitis in both pen color environments compared to the control group. Conclusion: Supplementation of chickens with probiotic (4 cm3/kg, lactic acid bacteria; 109 CFU/kg) improved body weight similarly to virginiamycin, while a white environment can reduce chickens' stress, leading to better growth performance.
Rumetrics: A Digital Solution for Precision Livestock Data Management and Genetic Selection in Developing Countries
Introduction: Collecting and managing livestock data is essential for improving the efficiency of genetic selection and supporting data-driven decisions, ultimately enhancing productivity and profitability. Despite growing recognition of its importance, especially with the advent of precision agriculture, livestock data management remains a significant challenge due to the limited availability of user-friendly digital tools, particularly in developing countries. This study aimed to present Rumetrics, a desktop application designed to facilitate the entry, management, and exploration of livestock morphometric data for farmers and researchers. Materials and methods: Rumetrics was developed using ElectronJS, AngularJS, and SQLite to provide a local, offline solution for livestock data management. The application enables users to input morphometric measurements, organize datasets, and perform descriptive statistical analyses. Automated features such as graphical visualization were incorporated to enhance usability and support informed decision-making without requiring an internet connection. Results: Implementing Rumetrics allowed users to efficiently store, manage, and analyze livestock morphometric data. The application provided intuitive graphical analyses and comprehensive statistical summaries, making data exploration accessible to both researchers and livestock professionals. User feedback indicated increased efficiency in data handling and improved capacity for data-driven decisions compared to the manual methods. Conclusion: Rumetrics as an offline application proved to be an effective tool for local livestock data management, offering accessible storage and real-time statistical analysis.
Synergizing Crop Farming and Goat Production in Ethiopia
Smallholder farmers, who make up a significant part of the agricultural workforce in developing countries, often face ongoing challenges, such as low income, poor nutrition, and food insecurity. Traditional farming systems typically emphasize monocropping, which limits both resilience and diversification. The present study investigates the impact of integrating root crop cultivation with goat rearing on the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. Integrating goats into traditional farming systems improves soil quality, as their manure acts as an organic fertilizer, boosting the nutrient content of root crops. While cassava, yams, and sweet potatoes are energy-rich in Ethiopia, they lack sufficient protein. Providing high-quality protein, vitamins, and minerals is therefore essential for maintaining a balanced diet. Goat milk and meat can address seasonal food shortages and improve dietary diversity. Integrating goats with root crop farming diversifies agricultural production, provides alternative income streams, reduces dependency on a single crop, enhances resilience against climate variability, and market instability. Since goats can thrive on marginal land, farmers can optimize land use while maintaining crop yields. Sales from goats can help cover household expenses or be reinvested into farm operations, thus ensuring long-term profitability. Moreover, manure produced by goats enhances soil fertility and boosts root crop productivity, thereby increasing both yields and profit margins. The crop–livestock interaction fosters sustainable agriculture by reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers and improving soil health. In conclusion, the combination of goat husbandry with root crop farming provides a complementary strategy that can enhance food security, income, and resilience among smallholder farmers in Ethiopia.
Effects of Meat Types on Proximate and Microbial Qualities of Suya Produced in Wukari Metropolis, Nigeria
Introduction: Ethnic meat products are traditional meat-based foods that have gained cultural and commercial significance worldwide. Suya is a popular West African ready-to-eat meat product made from skewered and grilled meat in Nigeria. However, concerns about its safety have increased due to the use of poor-quality meat and unhygienic processing practices, which could lead to food poisoning. Therefore, this study assessed the effects of different meat types on the proximate and microbial quality of suya produced in the Wukari Metropolis. Materials and methods: Four thousand five hundred naira of Suya samples were randomly collected in clean, tightly sealed containers from various Suya processors in Wukari Metropolis. A total of nine suya samples from each meat type (beef, chevon, and mutton) were gathered within the metropolis. The samples were stored at 4˚C for eight hours before conducting proximate and microbial analysis. Plate Count Agar (PCA) was used to measure total viable counts, Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMB) for coliform detection, Salmonella and Shigella Agar (SSA) for pathogenic identification, and Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA), MacConkey Agar, Blood Agar Base, and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) for fungal growth analysis. Results: No significant differences were observed in the proximate composition of suya based on meat type, except for moisture content. Suya made from mutton had the highest moisture content (37.48 ± 1.38%), while suya from beef had the lowest (31.88±1.88%). Suya made from chevon recorded the highest crude protein and ash content at 26.87 ± 0.19% and 7.80 ± 0.53%, respectively, though the variations were insignificant. Similarly, no significant differences were noted in microbial counts across the different suya samples. Coliform, Salmonella, E. coli, Staphylococcus, and fungi were isolated from the samples, except for beef-based suya, which showed no presence of Salmonella. Despite the microbial presence, the suya samples were deemed safe and nutritious, as their microbial levels fell within the acceptable range of 2.5 x 10⁵ to 1.0 x 10⁸ CFU/g. Conclusion: The study confirmed that suya produced from different meat types is both nutritious and safe for consumption. However, improved hygiene practices during the production and handling of suya are recommended to ensure better safety and quality in the study area.
Genetic Variants of Kappa Casein in Tunisian Native Goats
Introduction: The nutritional qualities of goat milk are affected by both environmental factors and genetic variations within casein genes. This study aims to assess the genetic polymorphism of the Kappa Casein (CSN3) gene in a goat population from Southeast Tunisia. This population is known for its exceptional resilience to harsh conditions, including limited feed and water scarcity. Materials and methods: The PCR-RFLP was used to analyze the genomic DNA of 48 blood samples belonging to unrelated individuals from the Tunisian goat population for the CSN3 casein gene variability, at positions 166 and 448 bp. Results: The analysis revealed a high prevalence of the GG genotype at position 166 and the TT genotype at position 448. Interestingly, the frequency of alleles from group I (A, B, E, F, H, J, and K) in the studied goat population of the present work is quite high; the alleles belonging to this group were known as associated with higher milk protein content. These findings suggest that these goats possess genetic traits that may improve milk protein production, which is crucial for ensuring the survival and well-being of their offspring. Conclusion: The prevalence of alleles within the CSN3 gene, which is associated with high milk protein content, is a notable finding in this study. These genetic characteristics help mitigate the negative impacts of restricted feed and water on the growth and development of the offspring. The present study displays one of several adaptative features of this goat population which may highlight also the importance of these traits for sustainable goat breeding and milk quality improvement.
Moderated Starch Nutrition for a Sustainable Dairy Industry: A Refined Pragmatic Wisdom
Increased cow loss and treatment costs, and reduced longevity and sustainability in the world dairy industry may provide an insight into rethinking the starch feeding in dairy cows. The objective of this mini-review article was to underline the importance of moderated starch nutrition on the sustainable productivity and health of high-producing dairy cows. Increased milk production per cow through both genetic selection and nutritional programs may have led to decreased longevity and higher culling rates in commercial dairy farms. Starch is the primary energy source for lactating dairy cows, supplied mainly by cereal grains such as barley and corn. Feeding higher rates of starch, especially from barley grain with high rumen degradability can lead to health issues such as subacute rumen acidosis, causing economic losses. Reviewing the literature and large dairy herd observations, moderated starch feeding to modern dairy cows without major negative effects on milk yield and cow health should become a new pragmatic wisdom. It is suggested that the short and long-term effects of feeding varying amounts of different starch grains in high-merit dairy cows should be the focus of future research attention.
Effects of Gender and Age on Immunoglobulin M Profile Of Sumbawa Horses Raised in the Traditional Grazing System
Introduction: Sumbawa horses are valued for their cultural, economic, and functional roles in Indonesia. Sumbawa horses are traditionally raised under the Lar system, where environmental and physiological factors, such as gender and age, influence immune function, particularly IgM production, making this study crucial for understanding their humoral immunity. This study aimed to determine the immunoglobulin M profile of Sumbawa horses raised in the Lar system (a traditional extensive grazing method) of Sumbawa Island. Materials and methods: Serum samples were collected from 70 Sumbawa horses, categorized by gender (36 males and 34 females) and age group (34 young: below 12 months; 36 adults: above 12 months). The immunoglobulin M levels in the blood serum were measured using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Results: The results indicated detectable immunoglobulin M concentrations in all 70 serum samples, ranging from 1.792 μg/mL to 51.341 μg/mL. The average serum immunoglobulin M levels were higher in female horses (23.8822 ± 12.15941 μg/mL) compared to males (20.1091 ± 9.51380 μg/mL). Similarly, young horses (22.9249 ± 11.90000 μg/mL) exhibited higher immunoglobulin M levels than adults (21.0132 ± 10.08383 μg/mL). Despite these differences, statistical analysis showed no significant differences among the groups. Conclusion: The average immunoglobulin M levels observed in this study provide baseline data for the immunoglobulin M profile of Sumbawa horses raised under the traditional grazing system on Sumbawa Island, Indonesia.
The Association of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response Parameters on Saanen Goat Kids Supplemented with Probiotic and Yeast Extract
Introduction: The weaning process is a stressful phase for goat kids, impacting energy metabolism, antioxidant levels, and inflammatory responses, potentially hindering health and growth. Supplementing probiotics and yeast extracts may help mitigate these effects by improving gut health and immune responses. This study evaluated the relationship between oxidative stress markers and inflammatory parameters in Saanen goat kids during weaning. Materials and methods: The study involved 40 female Saanen goat kids with closely aligned birth dates (±2 days), randomly divided into four groups, Group 1 (n=10) received 1g/day probiotics (Pr), Group 2 (n=10) received 3g/day yeast cell wall extract (YC), Group 3 (n=10) received both supplements (1g Pr + 3g YC), and Group 4 (n=10) served as the control. Key parameters were cortisol, ferritin, nitric oxide (NO), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), triglycerides, and adenosine deaminase (ADA) and were measured to assess their associations and correlations during the weaning period under supplementation. Results: The results showed a significant negative correlation between ferritin and cortisol, as well as between nitric oxide (NO) and cortisol. While ADA was not directly associated with NO, a significant positive correlation was observed between them. TAC demonstrated significant negative correlations with both NO and triglycerides, with the latter showing a quadratic relationship. Conclusion: This study highlights the intricate interplay between stress parameters (cortisol, TAC, and NO), inflammatory markers (ferritin and ADA), and energy metabolism (triglycerides) during the weaning phase in goat kids. Supplementation with probiotics and yeast extract demonstrated potential benefits in modulating these physiological traits, reducing stress, and supporting overall health.
Copyright (c) 2024 Farm Animal Health and Nutrition https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Different Dietary Fat Sources on Oxidative Stress Parameters in Broiler Chickens
Introduction: Certain types of dietary fats may elevate the generation of free radicals, resulting in oxidative stress and potential cellular damage. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of high-energy diets derived from various fat sources on broiler chicken welfare and production. Materials and methods: A total of 216-day-old unsexed Arbor Acre broiler chickens were assigned to four treatment groups. The groups, including control, beef tallow (high energy diet animal source, HEDAS), palm oil (high energy diet plant source, HEDPS), and low energy diet (LED), each consisting of three replicates with 18 birds, were investigated in a completely randomized design over 42 days. Results: According to the results, the HEDPS group had the highest live weight, while the HEDAS group indicated the highest dressing percentage. Significant differences were noted in alanine transaminase and alanine phosphatase in the treatment group compared to the control group. Cholesterol levels were significantly high in the HEDAS group and LDL levels were the lowest compared to the control group. The HEDAS group also exhibited the highest triglyceride level compared to other treatments. The HDL levels were higher in the LED and HEDPS groups compared to the HEDAS group. The VLDL concentration was significantly higher in the HEDAS group in comparison with other groups. Conclusion: The HEDPS diet positively affected serum biochemistry and carcass characteristics, highlighting its potential in broiler chicken welfare and production.
Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) on the Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Immune Response of Broiler Chicken
Introduction: Phytogenic substances encompass materials sourced from plants, including spices, herbs, essential oils, and various plant extracts. These materials have been employed for millennia as natural remedies, owing to their distinctive properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) seed powder supplementation on growth performance, carcass traits, and immune response of broiler chickens. Materials and methods: A total of 250 one-day-old broiler chicks of mixed sex (Ross 307) were randomly distributed into five treatments with five replicates. The basal diet was formulated to meet broiler chickens' nutrient requirements. Chickens in treatment 1 (T1) received a basal diet, while T2, T3, T4, and T5 were fed with the same diet of date palm seed powder at 100 g, 200 g, 300 g, and 400 g per kg, respectively. Chickens had unlimited access to feed and clean water throughout the 42 days of the experimental period. Parameters, including growth performance, carcass characteristics, and immune response of broiler chickens were examined during the study. Phytochemical examination indicated that date palm seed powder contained phenol at 340.92 mg/g followed by flavonoids (205.67 mg/g), terpenoids (112.81 mg/g), tannins (96.73 mg/g), saponins (41.64 mg/g), alkaloids (30.57 mg/g), and steroids (21.68 mg/g). Results: The treatment significantly influenced average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. Chickens fed with date palm seed powder had a higher average body weight, feed conversion ratio, and feed intake compared to the control group. Dressing percentage, slaughtered weight, and edible organ weights were higher in T5 compared to other groups. Conclusion: Date seed powder can be incorporated into broiler chickens' diets up to 400g/kg without negative impacts on the chickens’ performance.
α-Lipoic Acid Mitigates Heat Stress and Oxidative Damage in Broiler Chickens
Introduction: Heat stress has become a significant concern for the global poultry industry as a result of climate change. This condition can adversely affect growth, gut health, immune function, production levels, and reproductive performance, and can lead to lipid peroxidation in poultry. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate Interleukin 6 and 10 immune responses, anti-oxidant indices, serum biochemistry, and hepatic and splenic histopathology of heat-stressed broiler chickens supplemented with α-lipoic acid (α-LA) in their diet. Materials and methods: A total of two hundred and four unsexed day-old Arbor acre broiler chicks were randomly divided into four treatment groups and replicated three times to receive α-LA at 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, respectively in a completely randomized design for 42 days after a one-week adjustment period. The average temperature in the morning and afternoon was 27.9℃ and 35.1℃, respectively, while the morning and afternoon humidity was 73.1% and 44.1% respectively. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. At the end of the feeding trial, samples were taken for cytokines (interleukin-6 and 10), anti-oxidant, serum biochemistry, and hepatic and splenic histopathology analyses. Results: An inverse relationship was observed between pro-inflammatory (IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines whereby, IL-6 levels decreased while IL-10 levels increased relative to increasing α-LA levels in treatment groups. The treatment groups also indicated an increasing trend with rising levels of α-LA for superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and total antioxidant capacity. The α-LA significantly influenced malondialdehyde production, showing its reduction with rising levels of α-LA. A decrease in serum glucose and low-density lipoproteins was observed with increasing levels of α-LA, while high-density lipoproteins increased with increasing levels of α-LA. Cholesterol, triglycerides, very low-density lipoproteins, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphate remained unchanged across the treatment groups. Conclusion: α-LA supplementation at 200mg/kg in diet had the highest effects on immune responses of interleukin 6 and 10, antioxidant, serum biochemical indices, and histopathology of heat-stressed broiler chickens.
Milk Composition, Production, and Reproduction Performance of Local and Exotic Dairy Goats in Khartoum State, Sudan
Introduction: Sudan is known as home to a diverse range of goat breeds, among which the Nubian goat holds significant importance as a dairy producer. Recently, the country imported several exotic dairy goat breeds. The present study aimed to describe the production and reproduction performance of Nubian, Damascus, Mazain, and Alpine goats kept in Khartoum State, Sudan. In addition, to assess solids not fat (SNF), fat, protein, casein, whey proteins, and lactose in the milk of these breeds. Materials and methods: Information about the production performance of goat farms found in Khartoum State was obtained through personal interviews with owners and available records. A total of 145 milk samples were collected from the investigated goat breeds and analyzed for their content. The milk SNF, fat, protein, lactose, casein, and whey proteins were determined in the collected samples. Results: Significant differences among exotic breeds for birth weight of kids, body weight of dams, milk yield, and lactation length were indicated. The fat content was significantly different among goat breeds. The lower fat content of the milk was recorded in Alpine compared to other goats. The protein contents indicated 3.58 ± 0.08%, 3.52 ± 0.12%, 3.62 ± 0.09%, and 3.33 ± 0.07% in the Nubian, Damascus, Mazain, and Alpine goat breeds, respectively. The casein and whey protein content were high in the milk of the Mazain goat, whereby some higher values of casein and whey protein were obtained during the 5-6 months of lactation in the Mazain goat compared to other goats. The lactose content of milk indicated higher values during the first two months of lactation in all goats. The SNF content of milk showed higher values in Damascus and Mazain compared to Alpine goats, which showed significant differences during the progress of lactation in all goats. Conclusion: It is concluded that variations were found regarding the chemical composition of milk and performance in different breeds of goats in Khartoum State, Sudan.
Acute Corneal Edema in an Arabian Horse: A Case Report
Introduction: Due to the vulnerable position of the eye, eye injuries are very common in horses. Lack of effective and prompt treatment of eye injuries leads to blindness. Most of the trauma to the horse's eye is the blunt type and usually causes more severe injuries than sharp blows. However, in all these cases, at first, acute uveitis with different severities occurred, which requires quick treatment and can have different consequences. Case report: A two-year-old male Arabian horse with a history of ocular trauma for 4 days to the right eye was referred to the large animal clinic of the School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Iran. All other clinical signs, including temperature, respiratory rate, appetite, and mental state were normal. Ocular examination revealed extensive corneal edema, elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) detected by palpation of the globe, blepharospasm, conjunctival hyperemia, miosis, and epiphora. Eye disorder was diagnosed as acute corneal edema and traumatic uveitis. Treatment included administration of flunixin meglumine for three days, atropine eye drops once a day, latanoprost eye drops once a day, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin eye drops three times daily, and eye wash with saline 0.9% solution twice a day. The treatment continued for 2 weeks and resulted in complete healing which confirmed the diagnosis. The treated horse had a positive response to the therapy and fully recovered within 20 days. No relapse or complications were observed during the final check-up. Conclusion: Acute uveitis is a common complication following blunt trauma to the eye and is diagnosed by clinical symptoms. Since this situation could have a devastating consequence on vision, immediate diagnosis and treatment are essential to achieve the desired result. The treatment of these patients is symptomatic treatment based on anti-inflammatory, mydriatic, and antibiotics. Depending on the patient's condition, the use of other drugs, such as intraocular pressure reducers may be helpful and essential to prevent or treat complications, including glaucoma.
The Determination of Minerals in Soil, Water, Fodder, and Serum and their Effects on Reproductive Efficiency of Nili Ravi Buffaloes
Introduction: Minerals play an essential role in the reproductive performance of dairy animals, especially in buffaloes. The present study aimed to evaluate the mineral concentrations in different types of samples, including soil used for fodder cultivation, canal water used for fodder irrigation, drinking water for buffaloes, fodder used for buffalo feeding, and serum of buffaloes and their effects on the reproductive efficiency of buffaloes. Materials and methods: The current study was carried out for three months and samples were analyzed twice at the beginning and the end of the study. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus in the soil were checked through the versinate method. The concentration of calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus in water was checked through the titration method and the concentration of calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus contents in fodder was checked through the wet digestion method. The minerals of blood serum (n = 80) were analyzed through commercial kits. Results: In canal water, calcium concentration was higher for irrigation compared to buffalo drinking water. Similarly, on the upper surface of the soil compared to its low surface, the level of calcium was high. Calcium values of serum were higher in cyclic buffaloes compared to buffalo heifers. In comparison to all groups, the levels of inorganic phosphorus were found to be lower in non-cyclic buffaloes. Similarly, the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio was found to be lower in non-cyclic buffaloes and heifers compared to repeat breeders and cyclic buffaloes. At the beginning of the study, cyclic buffaloes had higher magnesium levels than all other groups, except for non-cyclic buffaloes. By the end of the study, magnesium concentrations were higher in non-cyclic buffaloes and heifers compared to repeat breeders and cyclic buffaloes. Conclusion: The mineral deficiencies in water and soil can affect the fodder content in the feed of buffaloes.
Effects of Feeding Glucogenic and Lipogenic Diets on Performance and Blood Parameters of Transition Dairy Cows and Their Calves
Introduction: Several studies have explored the impact of diet type on energy sources. The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of feeding glucogenic versus lipogenic diets to Holstein dairy cows during the close-up period on cows' performances and their calves' growth parameters. Materials and methods: Twenty-four Holstein dairy cows with an average parity of 3 selected for the study, starting 21 days before expected calving. The cows were divided into three groups based on a randomized complete block design including a control diet (glucogenic diet, Glu), a low lipogenic diet (Llip) with 25% barley grain replaced by beet pulp, and a high lipogenic diet (Hlip) with 50% barley grain replaced by beet pulp. Daily recording of dry matter intake (DMI) was conducted, with blood samples collected on the day of parturition in cows and days 1, 2, 7, and 21 of calves age. In dairy cows, both the quality and quantity of colostrum were determined. Additionally, performance variables including feed intake, average daily gain, and skeletal parameters such as shoulder height, hip height, and body length were measured. Blood parameters, such as glucose, triglyceride, and concentrations of certain liver enzymes, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) were recorded. Results: The increase of beet pulp in the prepartum diet led to a significant increase in DMI. Colostrum yield and constituents (protein, lactose, and solids nonfat percentage) decreased with an increase in beet pulp level and the differences between Glu and Hlip were significant. Performance parameters of the calves were similar across all treatments, except skeletal growth. Calves that were fed the Hlip diet showed a lower shoulder height compared to those fed the Glu diet. Blood glucose was significantly higher in cows and their offspring that were fed Llip diets compared to other groups. The concentration of liver enzymes, including ALP, SGPT, and SGOT was not affected by treatments. Conclusion: Substituting barley grain with beet pulp as a lipogenic component may enhance dry matter intake in periparturient dairy cows. However, it did not show a notable impact on offspring performance.
Resistance of Gastrointestinal Nematodes to Anthelmintics in Sheep Production in Zimbabwe
Introduction: Sheep play a crucial role in enhancing the socio-economic welfare of individuals in numerous nations. Within sub-Saharan Africa, productivity levels are hindered by various factors, such as prevalent diseases, inadequate nutrition, climate variations, predators, severe weather, as well as infestations of both external and internal parasites. The purpose of the present study was to assess the extent of anthelmintic resistance (AR) observed on a sheep farm operating for commercial purposes in Zimbabwe. Materials and methods: Forty female weaner Dorper sheep, averaging 43 kg in body weight, were selected from Ballineety commercial sheep farm in Mashonaland Central, Zimbabwe. These sheep were then divided into four groups of ten each, receiving different treatments including ivermectin, albendazole, levamisole, and no treatment as a control. Each treatment was administered according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Pre-treatment faecal samples (day zero) and post-treatment (day 14) were collected and subjected to the Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT). Anthelminthic resistance was suggested (AR) by the presence of faecal eggs after treatment. Results: All the drugs indicated a decrease in egg counts by less than 90%. The effectiveness of ivermectin, albendazole, and levamisole was measured at 58.5%, 70.1%, and 85.8% respectively. These findings indicate that nematodes have developed resistance to all treatments. The larval cultures of the samples before and after treatment indicated a significant presence of Haemonchus spp. in the pooled samples. In contrast, the quantities of Trichostrongylus spp. and Oesophagostomum spp. were low but present in all treatments. Cooperia spp. was recovered in post-treatment larval cultures of groups that received anthelmintic. The present study reports lower-than-expected efficacy for ivermectin, albendazole, and levamisole based on the reduction of egg excreted post-treatment. Conclusion: A common worms population in sheep are AR in the current study area. Therefore, comprehensive nematode management programs along with complementary eradication strategies are essential for sustainable sheep production.
Effect of a Single Injection of GnRH Analog Alone and at the Time of AI on Reproductive Performance of Nili Ravi Buffaloes
Introduction: The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a decapeptide hormone released from basal neurons of the hypothalamus. It stimulates the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the pituitary. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of a single injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog at the time of artificial insemination (AI) on buffalo estrus, conception, pregnancy, and calving rate. Materials and methods: The anestrus nulliparous Nili Ravi buffalo heifers (n=80) were divided into 4 groups randomly. Group A (n=20) received only a single injection of GnRH analog at start of the experiment (Day 0), group B (n=20) received a single injection of GnRH analog at Day 0 and prostaglandine (PGF2α) at Day 7, group C (n=20) received progesterone sponge for 7 days, and group D (n=20) received progesterone sponge for 7 days and PGF2α at Day 9. In 2nd study, buffaloes (n=60) expressing first (n=20), second (n=20), and third (n=20) postpartum estrus were enrolled. Moreover, heifers (n=20), expressing estrus first time were also included. Animals (n=10) from each group, received a single injection of GnRH analog at the time of AI were named as treatment group and the control (n=10) did not receive any treatment. Pregnancy tests were performed with the help of ultrasound on days 35 and 65 post-AI. Results: The pregnancy and calving rates were lower in GnRH group compared to other treatments. Similarly, the administration of GnRH analog did not increase pregnancy rates in treatment groups. Conclusion: The single injection of GnRH analog alone at the time of AI did not improve the reproductive performance of buffaloes.
Slow-Release Urea for Dairy Cows: A Commercial Contemplation or a Futile Fantasy?
Modern dairy cows are dependent on viable protein sources to maintain adequately high and persistent milk production. However, qualified protein sources, such as soybean meal are usually high and not easily available. Feed-grade urea (FGU) has been utilized in dairy diets for decades to help economically. Some portions of dietary nitrogen are a point in this case. Nonetheless, FGU can be considered a potential source of microbial protein, only if adequate timely fermentable nitrogen sources are supplied to the rumen microbes for successful microbial protein synthesis. In addition, FGU has a rapid degradation rate in the rumen, which may cause microbial toxicity and excessive ammonia and urea production, leading to environmental issues. It means that the effective use of FGU would be challenging. Accordingly, by improving rumen synchrony and metabolism and cow performance such limitations can be overcome through the development of slow-release urea (SRU). However, compared with FGU recent studies do not fully support the practical and economic effectiveness of SRU, towards improved cow metabolism and performance. More experiments particularly with varying dietary fermentable energy sources are required to conclusively decide if SRU may be a practical contemplation towards increased dairy production sustainability or it is just an expensive useless fantasy.
Understanding Calf Behavioral Responses to Environmental Changes and Challenges: An Applied Update
In most of the artificial raising operations, the separation of dairy calves from their dams immediately after birth and reared under a variety of housing and feeding systems, expose them to different environmental challenges. The objective of this review article was to describe how environmental changes and challenges influence the health and behavior of young calves. Natural behavior, health, and welfare of the calves may be affected when they are reared indoors apart from their dams with another mate. Fresh perspectives on calf nourishment strategies (e.g., intensified vs. conventional milk feeding, and forage feeding) and housing (group or pair vs. individual) have been developed to assimilate the natural environment of calves. In recent years, based on scientific evidence a positive relationship between early-life calf health and later performance of dairy heifers has been indicated. Chronic exposure to stressors may lead to chronic inflammation, resulting in increased infectious disease and suppressed animal performance. Therefore, an effective diagnostic tool for the identification and prediction of the health status and welfare of calves would be to monitor the behavior of calves regularly on the farm. The main factors affecting the behavior of calves and their subsequent productivity are, nutrition and feeding programs, ambient temperatures, incidences of diseases as well as housing systems. Genetics can affect calf response to environmental alterations. In general, it alleviates stress and improves herd profitability and sustainability for producers and farmers by understanding the calves' behavior in response to environmental challenges.
Copyright (c) 2023 Farm Animal Health and Nutrition https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Risk Factors Associated with Production and Reproduction in Dairy Camps (Kuku and Saig) at Khartoum State, Sudan
Introduction: Lack of awareness about reproductive disorders and their importance in the economic viability of farms in Sudan causes challenges among the majority of small farmholders. The present study was conducted to investigate the risk factors of production and reproduction in Kuku and Saig dairy camps in Khartoum State, Sudan. Materials and methods: In December 2017, a random selection of 100 farms was carried out. The current cross-sectional study was based on a structural questionnaire and direct interviews with the farm owners. Results: Vaccination against contagious diseases was practiced in 80% of the farms in the Kuku and Saig dairy camps in Khartoum State, Sudan. Quarantine of sick animals and newly introduced cows to the herd was practiced only in 23% of the farms. The study found a high prevalence of mastitis (95 farms), the spread of tick infestation (86 farms), and theileriosis (53 farms). There have been 58 farms, where animals showed signs of lameness, and 67 farms showed signs of jaundice disease. In the case of selected dairy camps, natural mating was predominant at 98% and bulls from outside the herd accounted for 89% of farms. Besides, 75% of the selected farms suffered from repeat breeders’ syndrome. The culling strategy was used in 86% of the dairy farms. There was a low risk of association between the treatment of diseases by the veterinarian, washing labor’s hands and udders of cows before and after the milking process, and between the type of mating and repeat breeders. In addition, there was a moderate risk of a correlation between the treatment of the disease by the veterinarian and the contact of other species of animals with the cows in the pen, monitoring of estrus and repeat breeders, and abortions and calving intervals. Moreover, a high risk of correlation was obtained between the isolation of animals and the use of vaccination. Conclusion: Control of the disease was unsatisfactory, especially in the Saig camp, with traditional basis management. Hence it is highly recommended to train the farm workers, improve their management, and enhance the animals’ health level.
Challenges in the Definition and Measurement of Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in Holstein Dairy Cows: A Review
Subacute ruminal acidosis can be defined as a depression of rumen pH, which affects animal health and production. Although researchers have tried to find a solution for this disorder, it is a prevalent problem that causes considerable losses in commercial dairy cow production. This review aims to reveal critical points in current knowledge about subacute ruminal acidosis and suggest solutions for future research. The first challenging issue in subacute ruminal acidosis is the diagnosis method of this disorder, which requires appropriate statistical evaluation and modeling. In addition, biological factors should be considered to define subacute ruminal acidosis since some roles have recently been observed for different CO2 species in the rumen as a direct cause of the events. These CO2 species are sometimes more accurate than rumen pH in explaining the decrease in feed intake, milk yield, milk fat percentage, and inflammation responses. In the future, the measuring of the CO2 species in the rumen may be a replacement for pH measurement or become a factor that can greatly explain ruminal acidosis. Compared to basic methods, another challenging point is the reliability of rumen pH measurements as well as the accuracy of newly developed sensors. The reticular pH with current boluses could be measured by monitoring cows on-farm or a large number of animals in research. In conclusion, a thorough definition and precise application of new measurement devices can reveal some unknown factors for subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows.
Phenotypic Characteristics of Indigenous Goats in Benin
Introduction: Phenotypic characterization contributes to the knowledge of breeds and their sustainable use. The present study assessed the possibility of using factorial analysis of mixed data (FAMD) combined with hierarchical clusters on principal components to manage goat characteristics. Materials and methods: A total of 1644 adult male and female indigenous goats were randomly sampled across different climate zones (Guinean, Sudanian-Guinean, and Sudanian zone) of Benin. The samples were investigated in terms of 20 body measurements (head length, right and left horn length, right and left ear length, neck girth, neck length, cannon length, cannon bone circumference, body length, heart girth, tail length, body weight, Rump width, withers height, chest depth, back height, rump height, rump depth, and age) and 12 qualitative traits sex, coat color, color pattern, horn presence, horn shape, horn orientation, ear orientation, head profile, beard presence, wattles presence, back profile, and rump profile). Data analysis was performed using FAMD and hierarchical clusters on principal components. Results: The findings indicated three types of goats with distinct characteristics. The first goat type had a small size (35.65 cm in withers and 38.29 cm in back height), while the third type had a large size (57.02 cm in withers and 59.08 in back height ). The second genetic type had a medium size (47.31 cm and 50.01 cm for withers and back height, respectively) resulting from the previous types of genetic crosses. Conclusion: The results indicate the efficiency of FAMD-based cluster analysis in handling phenotypic data.
Christophe Archile Armand Mahussi CHRYSOSTOME
Effects of Breed Differences and Parities on Milk Proximate and Mineral Compositions in Nigerian Cattle Breeds under the Extensive System
Introduction: Milk production from indigenous cattle breeds in Nigeria represents an important component of the agribusiness sector of the smallholder economy with great economic, nutritional, and social implications. Materials and methods: Three farms in the study location were chosen and 90 cows of three breeds of Sokoto Gudali, White Fulani, and Red Bororo in each farm, were used for the present study (total 270 cows). The cows of each farm were chosen equally based on parity (1-3). In this study, 5 ml of milk sample was collected from each cow in the morning for analysis of milk proximate and mineral composition. The analytical parameters included protein, fat, ash, moisture, calcium, iron, phosphorus, and sodium in milk. Results: The results revealed that the parity of the three breeds significantly affected the milk proximate and mineral compositions. In the first parity, White Fulani cow milk was significantly higher in milk protein at 4.52%, followed by Red Bororo and Sokoto Gudali at 3.97% and 3.91%, respectively. Sokoto Gudali was significantly higher in milk fat at 3.18%, followed by Red Bororo at 2.89% and White Fulani at 2.76%. White Fulani was significantly higher in milk moisture at 84.56%, followed by Sokoto Gudali at 82.72% and Red Bororo at 81.13%. Red Bororo was significantly higher in milk phosphorus at 375.62 mg/L and sodium at 71.22 mg/L. In the second parity, only moisture, calcium, and sodium differed significantly among the breeds. White Fulani and Red Bororo were significantly higher in moisture at 83.75% and 83.43%, respectively. On the other hand, Sokoto Gudali were significantly higher in calcium at 614.94 mg/L and sodium at 68.76 mg/L. White Fulani and Red Bororo had significantly lower calcium levels at 560.50 mg/L and 555.42 mg/L, respectively. On the other hand, White Fulani had significantly lower levels of sodium at 61.25 mg/L. In the third parity, White Fulani was significantly higher in milk protein at 4.16%, calcium at 611.48 mg/L, and sodium at 75.33 mg/L. Red Bororo was significantly higher in fat at 3.75% and calcium at 626.99 mg/L. Sokoto Gudali was significantly higher in sodium at 75.36 mg/L. In overall, first parity cows were significantly higher in milk protein at 4.11%. Milk fat, ash, calcium, and sodium increased with number of parity. The third parity was significantly higher in milk fat (3.29%), ash (0.43%), calcium (599.58 mg/L), and sodium (71.77 mg/L) levels. Conclusion: By increasing parity in Nigerian cows, the chemical composition of milk will be improved which can be considered for future studies on these breeds.
Effects of Nigella Sativa Seed on Rumen Parameters, Digestibility, and Nitrogen Balance of Nubian Goat Fed Aflatoxin Contaminated Diet
Introduction: Animal health and productivity can be affected by Aflatoxin in feeds, which leads to reduced growth, decrease feed efficiency and potential contamination of animal-derived products. The current study investigated the influences of supplementing Nigella sativa (NS) seeds to an Aflatoxin-contaminated diet on rumen parameters, digestibility, and nitrogen balance of male Nubian goats. Materials and methods: A total number of 20 healthy male Nubian goat kids aged 8-9 months and an average weight of 11 ± 0.5 kg were randomly assigned to 5 equal groups. The control group (T1) received a basal diet. The second treatment group (T2) received the same diet contaminated with 150 ppb Aflatoxin and other treatments received an aflatoxin-contaminated diet supplemented with different levels of crushed NS seeds including 2% (T3), 4% (T4), and 6% (T5) of the total dry matter. Through using naturally infected groundnut cake, Aflatoxin was mixed with other ingredients of ration in different proportions to formulate treated diets. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine Aflatoxin concentration. Rumen liquor samples were collected after 40 days feeding period to evaluate rumen pH, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), rumen electrolytes, and protozoa count. Results: Rumen pH, ammonia nitrogen, ruminal sodium, and potassium were not significantly affected by the treatment groups. Rumen volatile fatty acids, protozoa count, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen retention were significantly reduced by an Aflatoxin-contaminated diet (T2) compared to other groups. Supplementation of NS seeds to an Aflatoxin-contaminated diet caused a significant increase in VFAs, decreased protozoa count, and improved digestibility and nitrogen retention in all treated groups compared to T2 and T1 groups. Conclusion: Supplementing NS seeds to an Aflatoxin-contaminated diet positively affected rumen ecology and improved digestibility and nitrogen retention. The study recommended supplementing 6% of NS seeds to goat diets can reduce the negative effects of Aflatoxin in the diet.
Feedstuffs and Feed Supplements Used for Ruminants in Benin
Introduction: Improving agricultural productivity requires efficient production of feed ingredients and management of available resources. The primary objective of the current study was to create a classification system and management of available ingredients for sheep and cow farmers. Additionally, the study aimed to investigate the techniques employed in production and the types of feed ingredients utilized, specifically focusing on those accessible within the local context in Benin. Materials and methods: An open-ended questionnaire was used for this study, followed by in-person interviews. A cross-sectional survey was carried out from March to April 2023, in three poles of development agriculture (PDA), including PDA2, PDA4, and PDA5, where the government projected to develop ruminant breeding. Data were collected from 450 sheep, and cow breeders selected based on the number of their animals and the breeding experience in the three PDAs. The breeders' socio-demographic characteristics, the feed supplementation practice, and the available feed resources were recorded. Results: The survey revealed that sheep and cows were bred more by men (54.67%), married people (78.57%), and illiterate individuals (64.74%). The average age of the breeders was 45.66 years. Only 9.83% received training in animal breeding, and their main activity was cropping production. Regardless of the PDA, commercial feeds were well known but rarely used by breeders due to their high cost. Some breeders used commercial feeds only in the dry season. The feed supplements included lick stones, multi-nutritional blocks, and pelleted and floury feeds. The most widely used ingredients were agricultural by-products (cereals and legumes) and agro-industrial by-products (maize bran, cottonseed cake, and palm kernel cake). Conclusion: The current study's findings have indicated a wide range of feed resources, such as agricultural and agro-industrial by-products in Benin, that can be exploited to produce efficient local feed supplements.
Radiographic Evaluation of Bone Healing Following Oral Administration of Bone Broth and Quail Eggs on Experimentally Drilled Femoral Bone Defect in Rabbits
Introduction: Radiography can monitor bone healing to detect delayed healing, non-union, and mal-union early. This study aimed to monitor bone healing, following oral administration of quail eggs and bone broth (BB) on a bone defect in the rabbit model. Materials and methods: A total of 24 adult white New Zealand rabbits were used in the study. They were divided into four six groups before creating a 3.5 mm bone defect. The first group received a daily oral dose of BB, the second group a daily oral dose of quail egg (QE), and the third group received a daily oral dose combination of BB and quail eggs (BQE). At the same time, the fourth group was given an oral daily dose of distilled water (CN) for 12 weeks. Radiographs were taken at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks postoperative. An experienced radiologist blinded to the groupings scored the radiographs on a scale of 0-4 based on mineral opacity. Results: At week 6, the BB and BQE groups differed significantly from the QE and CN groups. There was a significant difference between the treatments and the control group at weeks 8 and 10. The complete healing of BB and BQE groups occurred before week 10. The healing of two rabbits in the QE group was done before week 10 although the others completed healing before week 12. The CN group did not heal even after week 12. Conclusion: Using radiography, Monitoring the bone healing rate was done successfully. The BQE group showed the fastest healing, followed by BB, and QE groups.
Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Vitex doniana (Black Plum) Leaf Meal on Growth Performance, Blood Parameters, Carcass Traits, and Relative Organ Weights of Broiler Chickens
Introduction: Evaluation of using plants, such as Vitex doniana leaf meal as an alternative feed resource in broiler diets decreases the feed costs. The current study examined how air-dried Vitex doniana, Black Plum Leaf Meal (BPLM) could affect broiler chicken growth performance, hematological parameters and serum biochemical indices, carcass yield, and relative organ weights. Materials and methods: In a completely randomized design, 54 Arbor Acre broiler chicks aged 28 days old were allocated to two treatments. Each group included 27 chickens with three replicates (nine chickens per replication). The chickens were fed two diets, including basal diet (control) and basal diet with 5% dry matter BPLM for two weeks. Results: The results of the nutrient composition of BPLM revealed 17.16% crude protein, 11.10% crude fiber, 1.70% ether extract, 7.10% ash, 39.0% nitrogen-free extract, 2413 metabolizable energy (kcal), 1.34% calcium, and 0.06% phosphorus. As a rich source of phytic acids, BPLM contains (14.69 mg/100g), tannins (3.23 mg/100 g), and oxalates (20 mg/100 g). The results showed that chickens fed a 5% BPLM-supplemented diet had lower feed intake but improved growth performance compared to the control. There was no significant difference in hematological and serum biochemical indices, carcass traits, cut-up parts, and relative organ weights. Conclusion: Incorporating BPLM into a finisher broiler diet decreases feed intake but improves growth performance. In addition, the results showed no effect on hematological and biochemical parameters or relative organ weights in chickens supplemented with BPLM.
Reproductive Performance and Management of Three Breeds of Cattle under Major Constraints in Extensive Management
Introduction: The reproductive performance and management of three cattle breeds under extensive management study was investigated due to a lack of baseline data for animal husbandry practices and planning breeding programs in the study area. This study evaluated the productive and reproductive performance, feed resources, feed management, and major constraints of three breeds of cattle (White Fulani, Sokoto Gudali, and Red Bororo) production under an extensive system in Northern Nigeria. Materials and methods: A structured questionnaire survey and group discussion were used for collecting data. 60 farmers with 30 years of experience in cattle farming were selected to administer the questionnaire. Each breed (White Fulani, Sokoto Gudali, and Red Bororo) was grown by 20 farmers. Results: The results indicated that 70% of the farmers agreed with the first service at the age of 2.3-3 years in the three breeds. The first calving at the age of 3.3-4 years was 40% for White Fulani farmers, while 80% for Sokoto Gudali and Red Bororo farmers respectively. The calving interval in the range of 1-2 years was adequately observed in all three breeds. The age of 13-15 years was reported as the female reproductive period in this study. The total number of calves produced per cow's lifetime in the present study was estimated at 8-11 for White Fulani and Sokoto Gudali, and 4-7 for Red Bororo. Feed resources and management of three breeds of cattle under extensive management indicated that natural pasture was the most common source of feed for cattle in the rainy season. Besides, natural pasture, tree leaves, and shrubs were used as cattle feed in the dry season. The main cattle production constraints reported by the farmers included feed and water in the study area. However, the breeds could survive and produce under these major constraints. Conclusion: Alleviating these constraints could improve the productivity of White Fulani, Sokoto Gudali, and Red Bororo in their natural environment.
Habronemiasis (Equine Summer Sore) in an 8-year-old Arab Horse
Introduction: Habronemiasis, equine summer sore, is caused by habronema larvae, commonly in tropical and subtropical climates. House flies, face flies, and stable flies transmit the pathogenic nematode larvae. Cutaneous habronemiais is the most common form of habronemiasis in horses. Cutaneous habronemiais is associated with the deposition of larvae in areas where they cannot complete their life cycle. Deposition of larvae is related to local hypersensitivity. Habronema larvae could cause preocular infectious resulting in conjunctivitis, blepharitis, or dermatitis. Case report: An eight-year-old male Arabian horse was referred to the Large Animal Medicine Unit, Veterinary Clinical hospital, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, with a history of wounds on the preocular region and hind limbs. The right eye's ocular examination revealed abundant mucopurulent discharge, blepharospasm, and chemosis. The granulomatous tumor had a diameter of 1.8 cm and was evident on the palpebral conjunctiva of the medial canthus. The skin lesion was identified as habronemiasis based on the history, clinical symptoms. Treatment includes prednisolone tab with reducing dosage for 30 days, an oral dose of Ivermectin, topical oxytetracycline ointment for seven days, chloramphenicol and triamcinolone eye drop for seven days. The diagnosis was confirmed due to the positive reaction of the lesions to treatment protocol. Conclusion: Ocular habronemiasis is the common form of habronemiasis. Deposing of dead larva causes a hypersensitivity reaction. Treatments include corticosteroid to reduce inflammation-association tissue proliferation, antibiotic ointment for prevention of second bacterial infection, an antihistamine for the prevention of histamine-mediated pruritic and allergic conditions, and oral antihelminth for the killing of adult form in the stomach. The current study authors suggest fly control is essential in preventing habronemiasis.
Evaluation of Different Patterns of Drug Consumption in the Ranking of Race Horses in National Racing of Iran: A Retrospective Study 2002-2015
Introduction: Doping is fraudulent and must be prevented in the interests of horse racing as a national recreation. No sport can survive without the confidence of its supporters, so all deceitful practices must be eliminated. This study aimed to determine the rate of drug consumption in horse races in Iran during 2002, 2003, and 2005-2015 and evaluate Iran’s current dope control management. Materials and methods: The winner’s method was used to choose horses for drug testing, and only the first and second-place finishers in each race, and seldom the third, were picked. Data of horses during 13 years (2002, 2003, and 2005-2015) were collected. The dope test documents of 2004 were incomplete, so the related data were not analyzed. Results: The mean dope rate (2002, 2003, and 2005-2015) was 15.83%. The dope rates of 2002, 2003, and 2005-2015 were 29.4%, 33.8%, 21.7%, 10.54 %, 11.14%, 11.47%, 8.62%,4.71%, 18.6%, 20.6%, 16.9%, 22.6%, and 6.72 % respectively. From 2003 to 2010, the drug rate progressively decreased from 33.8% to 4.71%. Morphine, Phenylbutazone, Oxyphenbutazone, and caffeine were the most often utilized medicines. Twenty-one drug family types based on the mode of action were used through the years, of which 23.07 percent were combinations. From 2002 to 2010, the variety of medications utilized progressively declined. The noticeable aspect was high prevalence of dope in Iran, compared to developed countries. Conclusion: The results showed that the dope rate reduced from 2002 to 2015 in Iran racehorses. Routine tests are suggested for controlling doping, and strict rules must be established to prevent doping.
Copyright (c) 2022 Farm Animal Health and Nutrition https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Innate Immunity Defense against Gastrointestinal Nematodes: Vaccine Development
The nematode parasite infects both humans and animals, causing severe infections. Their unusual surface structures, in particular, pose significant challenges to the immune system. Vaccine-induced immunity, mediated by the innate immune system, could be crucial in the development of an adaptive effector response. The purpose of this paper was to provide an overview of recent research on the host's innate immune system, barriers, and cells that respond to parasitic nematodes. This study investigated the nematode-associated molecular patterns that may recognize by host. Given the innate defense is more than just a static barrier against pathogen infections. It can actively contribute as a director of the adaptive immune response, which is ultimately responsible for the rejection of invasions. The role of innate defense against pathogen infections is located in zone of researcher concentration. Some nematode parasites can actively move through tissues, they pose a challenge to the innate immune system. Furthermore, their cuticular surface, which varies with each molting, cannot be phagocytosed. The nematode's thin, carbohydrate-rich surface layer, as well as the chemicals produced by this layer, cause the first contact with the host's innate immune system. Notably, all components of the innate immune response can be activated and play an important role in the adaptive immune effector response.
Potential of Anthelmintic Herbal Drugs against Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Farm Animals: A Review
Gastrointestinal (GI) nematode infections are one of the most prevalent and significant problems in livestock worldwide. This study aimed to review the potential of anthelmintic herbal drugs against gastrointestinal nematodes in farm animals. Anthelmintic drugs are the most common method of controlling GI nematodes since they are simple, cheap, and provide therapeutic and prophylactic protection. However, the problem has become complicated due to the emergence of resistance to anthelmintic drugs because anthelmintic drugs are used indiscriminately to treat parasitic diseases. Anthelmintic resistance in GI nematodes of ruminants is a global problem. Many domestic animals possess multi-class resistance to all classes of anthelmintics. Synthetic anthelmintics could be unsafe as they can cause side effects and toxicity. Therefore, plants are used to develop and discover novel substances acting as anthelmintics. Herbal drugs have become increasingly popular because of their fewer side effects in recent years. Consequently, the demand for herbal formulations of anthelmintic drugs is increasing. The development of instrumental analysis accelerates the preparation of phytochemical constituents and their standardization, and this field is becoming critical for research.
Roles of Probiotics in Farm Animals: A Review
There are many reports of the positive effects of probiotics on gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microorganisms and the immunological systems of their hosts. Probiotics have prophylactic and metaphylactic properties. The two main mechanisms of action of probiotics seem to be the release of compounds with beneficial effects and direct interaction with the cells of the host. The aim of this review was to evaluate the benefits of probiotic use in farm animals and to identify how they influence farm animal performance. The published data suggest that dietary supplementation of probiotics can improve the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and immune response of farm animals, including cows, sheep, goats, pigs, aquacultures, and poultry. In ruminants, studies have shown that probiotics can significantly enhance the immune response, milk yield, food digestibility, and weight gain, particularly in ruminants exposed to stressful conditions. This is also the case in aquaculture as probiotics have been shown to enhance growth and reproduction traits, provide protection against pathogens, have positive effects on immunity, optimize digestion, and increase water quality. In horses, there is still controversy about the advantages of probiotic supplementation. In addition, some studies showed valuable effects of using probiotics on treatments of GIT diseases, and some studies showed adverse effects of supplementation of probiotics in horses. In poultry, balancing the intestinal microflora is not achievable but controlling the population of microflora is possible and studies showed that supplementation of probiotics could influence some aspects such as improving performance and health parameters. So, probiotics are used by almost all farmers who are trying to reduce antibiotic resistance. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of probiotics to farm animals has many notable influences on their performance, immune system, and diet digestion.
Vitamin D Deficiency in Farm Animals: A Review
One of the most effective vitamins in the musculoskeletal structure and immune system of farm animals is Vitamin D. The widespread risk of Vitamin D deficiency states is known widely resulting in autoimmune diseases, diabetes, rickets, metabolic bone diseases, and cancers. The aim of this review is to address the subject of Vitamin D deficiency in farm animals and the role of vitamin D in health and deficiency states. Although Vitamin D deficiency is generally defined as < 20 ng/mL in serum, but this level remains to be discussed. Vitamin D synthesis in the skin is the major source of Vitamin D in the body and is influenced by genetic and several environmental factors, such as length of sun exposure, season, and latitude. Sun exposure might be limited during winter in some areas, such as northern latitudes. Thus, food sources can play essential roles in supplying the demand for vitamin D. Some animal species have more sensitivity to Vitamin D deficiency due to their different metabolism, homeostasis, and adaptation to specific diets and environments. Farm animal species, such as cattle, pigs, llamas, Alpacas, small ruminants, and broiler chickens are more sensitive to Vitamin D deficiency. However, some farm animal species including horses and donkeys usually have a low risk of Vitamin D deficiency. Therefore, the management of Vitamin D deficiency and its consequences are critical in some species. The inclusion of Vitamin D in the body of farm animals depended on farming practices, sun exposure in different seasons, and the content of diets. Due to the diversity of species, regulation of many ongoing processes in animals’ bodies, the complexity of Vitamin D metabolism, and different metabolites, more studies are necessary to find the vital roles of vitamin D in the prevention and control of diseases in farm animals.
Evaluating Oxidative Stress Parameters, Pepsinogen, and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 in Dairy Cows with Displacement of Abomasum
Introduction: Displacement of the abomasum (DA) frequently occurs in high-producing dairy cows. It is a multifactorial disease and has an economic impact on dairy farms. This study aimed to investigate the levels of pepsinogen, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1, and oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde and nitric oxide) in DA cases. Materials and methods: Blood samples were taken from 51 dairy cows suspected of DA, referring to the Veterinary Clinic of Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, in the summer of 2021. Twenty of them had Left DA (LDA), 6 had Right DA (RDA), 13 had LDA with clinical signs of ulcer of the abomasum, 3 had RDA with clinical signs of ulcer of the abomasum, and 9 of them (3-5 years old) were clinically healthy as control. The serum concentration of pepsinogen, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide were measured. Results: The result of the current study showed that the concentration of pepsinogen was higher in cows with DA compared to healthy cows. The concentrations of malonaldehyde, nitric oxide, and IGF-1 were higher in LDA with the abomasal ulcer, compared to other groups. Conclusion: Pepsinogen can be suggested as a predictor parameter for DA. Malonaldehyde, nitric oxide, and IGF-1 can be considered biomarkers in LDA with the abomasal ulcer. However, further studies are needed to find other effective parameters for predicting DA.
Effects of Parity Orders and System Managements on Vitamins A and E in Camel Milk
Introduction: Camel milk provides high nutrient content for people living in harsh environments. The current study evaluates levels of vitamins A and E in camels' milk in different production systems. Materials and Methods: The camel milk samples were gathered from a total of 42 lactating she-camels that were in varying phases of the nursing process at the second and third parties in state of Khartoum, Sudan. Semi-closed and closed farms, as well as grazing ranges, are used for the rearing of she-camels (14 milk samples were collected from each production system). Results: The findings revealed that a high level of vitamin A was observed in the camel milk samples obtained from the she-camels at third parties in the grazing range. Second parties in the confined farm recorded highly significant amounts of vitamin E. The results demonstrated that the vitamin A content of camel milk was strongly impacted by both the types of production methods and parity orders. In contrast, vitamin E was only significantly affected by parity orders. Conclusions: The production system and parity orders significantly impact camel milk levels of vitamins A and E. However, further studies are needed to correlate all the contributing factors to the levels of camel milk vitamins.
Effect of Sundried Cassava Peel Meal-Based Diet Supplemented with Quadraxyme® on Performance and Blood Profile of Grower Boar Pigs
Introduction: Monogastric animals such as pigs and poultry cannot handle cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which form the major components of agro-industrial products. This feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the responses of growing boar-fed sundried cassava peel meal (CPM)-based diet supplemented with the enzyme. Materials and methods: Thirty-two growing boars (Large white x Landrace), eleven weeks old with an average weight of 25.00 ± 0.30 kg, were allocated randomly to dietary treatments. A basal diet was compounded containing 48% sundried CPM. The dietary treatments were T1 (control) supplemented with 0.0g/100g, and other treatments, including T2, T3, and T4, received 0.5g/100kg, 1.5g/100g, and 2.0g/100g levels of Quadraxyme® supplementation, respectively. Quadraxyme® is a product of Quadragen Veterinary Health Private Limited. Quadraxyme® contains amylase, cellulase, xylanase, pectinase, lipase, arabinose, α-galactosidase, and β -glucosidase. Results: This study showed significant differences in average feed intakes and daily weight gains across the dietary treatments. Pigs in the T4 group had the highest weight gain, followed by those in T2 and T3 groups, while the minor weight gain was in the diet with no enzyme supplementation. The dietary treatments significantly influenced hematological parameters in almost all the studied indices. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values of pigs fed the T1 diet recorded significantly higher MCHC and a reduction in concentrations of packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) counts, and a slight increase in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) concentration. The dietary treatments did not affect the total blood protein and albumin levels of the growing pigs enrolled in this investigation. The result showed that the levels of enzyme supplementation to the SDCPM-based diet did not significantly influence the electrolytes of the growing boars. The PO42- increased in enzyme-supplemented diets, and group T4 supplemented with 0.20g/100kg of the enzyme recorded the highest PO42- value (6.79mg/100ml) among the other groups. Conclusion: It is concluded that including 0.20g/100kg in a 48% sundried CPM-based diet for growing pigs enhanced growth and feed conversion, improved phosphorus utilization, and had no adverse effects on growth and blood parameters.
Impact of COVID-19 on Dairy Herd Profitability: A Review at the Global Level
The occurrence of several pandemics in recent decades has posed a significant threat to human and animal health. The COVID-19 pandemic, which rapidly spread to 187 countries, has caused significant economic disruption in various industries, including the dairy industry. The dairy industry has been affected by supply chain disruptions, consumer behavior changes, and global demand shifts due to the pandemic. The present review aims to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, mainly from the dairy farm level, and propose strategies for mitigating the effects of future global crisis events. The dairy industry, a major source of income for many dairy herds, was significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The consumption patterns of milk and dairy products underwent substantial alterations, leading to decreased profitability of dairy farms due to disruptions in the supply chain, increased transportation costs resulting from transportation restrictions, and a shift in consumer purchasing behavior. These factors collectively resulted in reduced revenue from selling milk and dairy products. Heifer replacement considerations also impacted the economic viability of dairy farms. The pandemic caused a shortage of meat (beef, pork, poultry) and a surplus of milk. In addition to the abovementioned factors, the COVID-19 pandemic also impacted other economic indicators, such as gross returns from the sale of culled dairy animals and dairy feed costs. These impacts further amplified the financial challenges faced by the dairy industry and dairy farmers, underscoring the need for robust mitigation strategies and resilient policies to minimize the economic impact of pandemics and other crises. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted the dairy industry, affecting supply chains and international commerce. Governments are encouraged to implement measures to mitigate the impact of future pandemics on the dairy sector. The authors of this review propose several recommendations for dairy farmers and veterinarians to increase their resilience in the face of future outbreaks. These recommendations include sourcing feed from reliable local farms, acquiring internet connectivity equipment to facilitate communication during travel restrictions, maintaining a sufficient supply of personal protective equipment, incorporating mechanization in farm operations, stockpiling essential veterinary medications and vaccines, and training technicians to perform veterinary procedures in emergencies when veterinary services are unavailable.
Effect of Replacing Corn Silage with Canola Silage on Feed Intake, Nutrient Digestibility, Milk Yield, and Thyroid Hormones of Lactating Dairy Cows
Introduction: Providing good quality forage in dairy cattle diet is vital for the dairy farm industry. Canola forage was newly added to dairy cows’ diet in Iran. The present study aimed to determine the effects of replacing corn silage with canola silage on feed intake, apparent digestibility, milk yield, milk composition, and thyroid hormone levels of dairy cattle in Mashhad, Iran. Materials and methods: Nine Holstein cows were used in this study and were allocated in a 3×3 change over Latin square design study. The trial consisted of 3 periods, each lasting for 20 days. The first 15 days were considered an adaptation period. Experimental diets were formulated to provide 33% of the total dry matter (DM) as forage. Canola silage was substituted with corn silage at levels of 0, 50, and 100% of DM. Results: Dietary concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber increased when corn silage was replaced by canola silage. Replacing corn silage with canola silage caused a significant decrease in DMI. The apparent digestibility of DM and crude protein were not affected by the dietary replacement of corn silage with canola silage; however, organic matter and digestibility of NDF decreased significantly. When corn silage was replaced by canola silage, there were no significant changes in milk yield, fat-corrected milk, and milk composition in the investigated cattle, but milk protein changed significantly. The results indicated that 50% substitution of canola silage caused higher milk protein. Rumen fluid pH and its ammonia nitrogen concentration increased significantly in experimental animals. The concentrations of T3 and T4 decreased, whereas blood urea nitrogen concentration increased by dietary replacement of corn silage with canola silage. Conclusion: Canola silage can be substituted with corn silage, and feeding canola silage can be beneficial in some aspects.