Caesarean Section Cases in Different Animal Species Due to Dystocia in Nigeria: A Retrospective Study

Abstract

Introduction: Caesarean section is an emergency surgical procedure involving laparohysterectomy for delivery of the fetus in order to improve the dam and fetal survival. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and pattern of Caesarean section in all animal species presented with dystocia requiring caesarean section at the Sokoto Veterinary Clinic, Sokoto, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of caesarean section cases was conducted using clinical records of 69,500 animals with different species at the Sokoto Veterinary Clinic over a five-year period (2016 to 2020). Information extracted included species, breed, indications for surgery, year of occurrence, and seasonal distribution. Diagnosis of dystocia was made based on history, physical examination, and ultrasonographic evaluation.

Results: Out of 69,500 cases presented, 1,625 (2.33%) were surgically managed, of which 586 (36.06%) were caesarean sections, giving an overall prevalence of 0.84%. Ovine (52.90%) and caprine (44.70%) species accounted for the majority of cases, while feline (2.06%) and bovine (0.34%) had minimal occurrence. Mixed breeds in ovine (41.29%) and Red Sokoto goats (44.65%) predominated. Incomplete cervical dilatation (30.71%) and fetal maldisposition (28.33%) were the leading indications. The highest yearly occurrence was recorded in 2017 (24.91%), with greater case distribution in the first quarter (28.61%) and peak monthly occurrence in December (12.79%).

Conclusion: The overall prevalence of Caesarean sections was low, with the procedure predominantly performed in small ruminants (ovine and caprine). Incomplete cervical dilatation and fetal maldisposition were the leading indications for surgical intervention.